Pseudo-anglicism
A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.[1][2][3][4][5]
For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as rallye-paper, shake-hand, baby-foot, or baby-parc)".[6]
This is different from a false friend, which is a word with a cognate that has a different main meaning. Sometimes pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.[7]
Definition and terminology
[edit]Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,[8] false anglicisms,[9] or pseudo-English.[10]
Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language.[11][12]
The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."[11][13] Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".[14]
Typology and mechanism
[edit]Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.[15]
Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.[11]
According to Filipović, pseudo-anglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word man, as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving golman. In derivation, a suffix -er or -ist is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as teniser, or vaterpolist. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops -ing, as in boks from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".[16]
Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].[17]
Scope
[edit]Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.[18]
The equivalent of pseudo-anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "double entendre", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see dog Latin, list of pseudo-French words adapted to English, and list of pseudo-German words adapted to English.
Examples
[edit]Many languages
[edit]Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",[19] often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:[20]
- autostop – hitchhiking in French,[21] Italian,[22] Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,[23] Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, etc.[24]
- basket – basketball in Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,[25] Greek μπάσκετ,[23] Turkish, etc.;[24] also sneakers in French
- camping – campsite or campground in French,[21] Dutch, Greek κάμπινγκ,[23] Bulgarian къмпинг,[26] Russian ке́мпинг,[27] Polish kemping,[28] Portuguese,[29] etc.
- smoking – dinner jacket, tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,[30] French,[21] Portuguese,[31] German,[32] Italian,[33] Dutch, Greek σμόκιν,[23] Russian, etc.[24]
Korean
[edit]- one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])[34]
- hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])[35]
- skinship – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)[36]
Romance
[edit]French
[edit]French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.[37]
- baby-foot[38] (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
- baby-parc[38] – playpen
- before – drinks in privileged company before a party, a.k.a. "pregame" (opposite of after)
- blind test – music quiz / 'name that tune'
- brushing – blow-dry and styling[39][40]
- building – high-rise building, tower block[39][21]
- box – wifi router or parking space[37]
- dancing – dance hall[37]
- flirt – a brief romance, flirtation, a boyfriend or girlfriend[21]
- footing – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning)
- pressing – dry cleaning shop,
- rallye-paper[38] – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes[41]
- recordman (m; pl: recordmans; f:recordwoman) – record holder, especially in sports
- relooker (verb) to make over; also: relooking (n; masc.) – a makeover
- shake-hand[38]
- speaker, speakerine (feminine) – radio or television announcer[37]
- wheeling – a wheelie
Italian
[edit]- autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])[42] – rest area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
- beauty farm[43] (Italian pronunciation: [bjutiˈfarm]) – spa
- The French borrowing bloc-notes (French pronunciation: [blɔknɔt]) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form block-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔts])[44] – notebook
- jolly – the joker in a pack of cards[39][45]
- pullman – a bus[46]
- smart working Italian pronunciation: [zmartˈworking] – remote work, where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as smartphones and smartwatches.
Portuguese
[edit]- outdoor – billboard[47]
- home office - work from home[48]
Germanic
[edit]Danish
[edit]- babylift – baby transport/carrycot[49][39]
- butterfly – bow tie[50]
- cottoncoat – trench coat[51]
- cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich[52]
- doorstep – a short and informal press conference[53]
- monkeyclass – economy class[54]
- speedmarker – a felt-tip pen[55]
- stationcar – conflation of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)[56]
- timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)[57]
Dutch
[edit]- beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer)[58][better source needed]
- box – a playpen[59] or a music speaker
- keycord – a lanyard
- oldtimer – a classic car
- touringcar – a coach (bus)
- videoclip – a music video
German
[edit]German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice).[60] Infrequently, CamelCase may also be used.[citation needed]
- Beamer – a video projector[61]
- Bodybag – a messenger bag
- Charity-Lady (pl.: Charity-Ladys): upper-class woman who uses her fortune and her social influence to do charity work
- Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.[11])
- Flipper – a pinball machine[62]
- Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee[39][63]
- Handy – a mobile phone[64]
- Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees[65]
- Oldtimer – an antique car[39]
- Public Viewing – a public viewing event (party) of a football match or similar
- Shooting – a photoshoot[62]
- trampen (verb) – hitchhiking[66]
- mobbing – bullying
Norwegian
[edit]- hands – the offence of handball in association football[67]
- sixpence – Flat cap[68]
Swedish
[edit]- after work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished[69]
- backslick – A wet, combed-back hair style[citation needed]
- pocket – A paper-back book[70]
Slavic
[edit]Polish
[edit]Russian
[edit]- Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – clothing swap[72] (analogous to postcrossing, bookcrossing); not to be confused with cross-dressing
- Кемпинг ("camping") – campsite
- Клипмейкер ("Clip maker") – music video director[73]
- Митинг ("meeting") – protest
- Рекордсмен ("records man") – record holder
- Страйкбол ("strikeball")[74][75] – airsoft
- Фейсконтроль ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance[citation needed]
Austronesian
[edit]Malaysian Malay
[edit]- action – boast; boastful[76]
- best – good[76][77]
- cable – personal connection or insider[76][78]
- power – great[76][77]
- sound – scold[76][77]
- spender – undergarment for lower body e.g. briefs and panties[76][77][78]
- terror – great[78]
Indonesian
[edit]- boom-boom car - bumper cars[79]
- busway - TransJakarta bus; bus rapid transit[80]
- cross boy/girl – delinquent person[81]
- handphone - mobile phone[81]
- healing - going on a vacation to heal mentally[82]
- hand body - hand & body lotion[83]
- magic com - multifunctional rice cooker [84]
- mister - sir [85]
- outbound – outdoor education or recreational activities[81]
- sales promotion girl/boy - promotional model[81]
- sorry dorry morry strawberry - sorry not sorry [86]
- sound – sound reinforcement system[87]
- speed - speedboat [88]
- sunday morning ride – riding motorbikes together on a Sunday morning[89]
- travel - inter-regional minibus service [90]
- win-win solution - win-win situation; win-win conflict resolution [91]
Other languages
[edit]Maltese
[edit]- goaler – goalkeeper[92]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 325,335.
- ^ Ilse Sørensen, English im deutschen Wortschatz, 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"
- ^ Sicherl 1999, p. 14.
- ^ Duckworth 1977.
- ^ Onysko 2007, p. 52The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL['receptor language'; p.14] uses lexical elements of the SL['source language'; p.14] to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.
- ^ Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335
- ^ Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015
- ^ Filipović 1990.
- ^ Saugera 2017, p. 54, 3.4.2 False anglicisms.
- ^ Picone 1996, p. 316.
- ^ a b c d Onysko 2007, p. 52.
- ^ Carstensen 2015, p. 77
The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them. Den intensiven Einfluß einer donor language auf eine recipient language zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an. - ^ Duckworth 1977, [page needed] : Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.; as quoted in: Carstensen (2015, p. 77)
- ^ Furiassi 2010, p. 34, quoted in Lujan-Garcia (2017, p. 281)
"[A] word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different meaning in English." - ^ Anderman 2005, p. 164.
- ^ Filipović 1990, p. 138–139, 4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms.
- ^ Rey-Debove 1990, p. 1018.
- ^ Furiassi 2015, p. 17.
- ^ Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak..., 2, in Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 32, 1986, p. 831
- ^ e.g., Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής s.v. σμόκιν
- ^ a b c d e Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v.
- ^ «Autostop», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ a b c d Georgios Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, 1998, s.v.
- ^ a b c Gorlach, 2001, s.v.
- ^ "SBL Herr". www.sblherr.se.
- ^ PONS Online Dictionary
- ^ PONS Online Dictionary
- '^ PONS Online Dictionary
- ^ "Camping".
- ^ smoking, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ "Smoking".
- ^ "Duden | Smoking | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ Oxford Paravia Italian Dictionary, 2001, ISBN 0198604378, s.v.
- ^ "Search result for '원샷'". Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "Search result for '핸드폰'". Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "8 words that look like English but actually aren't – ESL language studies abroad". ESL Stories. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d Clyde Thogmartin, "Some 'English' Words in French", The French Review 57:4:447-455 (March 1984) JSTOR 393310
- ^ a b c d Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 335.
- ^ a b c d e f Matthew Anderson, "The foreign words that seem like English – but aren't", BBC Culture 13 October 2016
- ^ Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v. (usage note)
- ^ Geyer 1903, p. 19.
- ^ «Autogrill», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Beauty farm», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Bloc-Notes», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA). Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005
- ^ "English Translation of "autobus" | Collins Italian-English Dictionary".
- ^ "Outdoor". Dicio, Dicionário Online de Português (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 27 December 2024.
- ^ "Home Office". Dicio, Dicionário Online de Português (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 28 December 2024.
- ^ babylift, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ butterfly, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cottoncoat, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cowboytoast, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ doorstep, Wiktionary
- ^ monkeyclass, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ speedmarker, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ stationcar, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ timemanager, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ Vullers, Pim (2012). "Beamer (LaTeX)". Radboud University. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ "Box". etymologiebank.nl. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ "Duden | Homeoffice | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ "Duden | Beamer | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ a b "German Pseudo-Anglicisms – Yabla German – Free German Lessons".
- ^ "Duden | Funsport | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ "Handy ohne Vertrag: Angebote März 2023". www.sparhandy.de.
- ^ "Duden | Jobticket | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ "Duden | Trampen | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "hands". www.naob.no. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- ^ "Sixpence". www.skittfiske.no. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- ^ "After work ett svenskt påhitt". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "Topplistan Pocket – Akademibokhandeln". www.akademibokhandeln.se.
- ^ "dres". Słownik wyrazów obcych (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 11 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Преимущества и недостатки дресс-кроссинга". 19 September 2015.
- ^ Baldwin 2020, Клипмейкер.
- ^ «страйкбол», «Словари и энциклопедии на Академике»
- ^ Страйкбол, «Википедия»
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- ^ a b c d "9 perkataan English yang terpesong maknanya bila di-Melayukan". soscili.my. 13 August 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Roslan, Rizmi (18 January 2015). "10 Perkataan English Yang Telah Di Melayukan. Mat Salleh Pun Takkan Faham". The Vocket.
- ^ Adiakurnia, Muhammad Irzal (26 July 2018). Prodjo, Wahyu Adityo (ed.). "Boom-boom Car, Wahana Permainan Paling Diminati Wisatawan". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ Fiandri, Niko (4 January 2018). "Mau Tahu Bedanya Busway dengan Transjakarta? Supaya Enggak Gagal Paham". GridOto.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 January 2022.
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- ^ RRI.co.id (27 October 2023). "Sering Salah, Ini Arti Healing dalam Psikologi Sesungguhnya!". Telkom University (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
- ^ Stevenson, Sacha (5 January 2020). "15 kesalahan dalam bahasa Inggris (buat orang Indonesia)" (video). youtube.com (in Indonesian).
- ^ momsmoney.kontan.co.id (11 September 2023). "Perbedaan Fungsi Rice Cooker, Magic Jar dan Magic Com untuk Kebutuhan Rumah Tangga". MOMSMONEY.ID (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
- ^ kbbi.web.id. "Arti Kata Mister". KBBI (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
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- ^ RRI.co.id (6 April 2024). "Belum Ada Lonjakan Penumpang Speed Boat Pada Arus Mudik di Mahulu". RRI (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
- ^ detik.com/bali (27 January 2023). "Sunmori Adalah Sunday Morning Ride, Ketahui Kegiatan dan Manfaatnya". detikBali (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
- ^ Liputan6.com (26 September 2022). "Kenali Perbedaan Shuttle, Travel, dan Bus Pariwisata dalam Layanan Transportasi". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ kids.grid.id (5 July 2022). "5 Ungkapan Dalam Bahasa Inggris yang Sering Salah Diterjemahkan". Grid (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
- ^ Chucky (26 November 2016). "5 Kelmiet Li Taħsibhom Ingliżi Imma Mhumiex". Lovin Malta. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
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- Winter, Werner; Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting (1995). On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea. Trends in linguistics., Studies and monographs; 78. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013257-1. OCLC 924736602. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- Winter-Froemel, Esme (29 August 2011). "3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen". Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen (in German) (Berlin ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-3-11-023506-7.
- Yang, Wenliang (1 January 1990). "1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort". Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel'. Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 (in German). Tuebingen: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-3-11-167615-9.
- Zenner, Eline; Kristiansen, Gitte (1 January 2014). New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing: Onomasiological, Methodological and Phraseological Innovations. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2, 10. ISBN 978-1-61451-430-5.
Further reading
[edit]- James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
- Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
- Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’ Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.